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Autor	S.H. Pushpa Malkanthi, S.D. Dilini Rathnachandra
Tytuł	Determinants of Women’s Empowerment and Household Poverty Reduction in Imbulpe DS Division, Sri Lanka
Title	Determinants of Women’s Empowerment and Household Poverty Reduction in Imbulpe DS Division, Sri Lanka
Słowa kluczowe	empowerment, poverty reduction, women farmers, Imbulpe, Sri Lanka
Key words	empowerment, poverty reduction, women farmers, Imbulpe, Sri Lanka
Abstrakt	Women empowerment and poverty reduction are interrelated key driving forces to achieve the sustainable development of a country. However, most of the women farmers in rural areas have lack of access to adequate assets and resources, credit facilities and freedom of decision making within the households. Therefore, women empowerment is a timely important requirement to reduce the household poverty among them. This study was conducted to identify the determinants of empowerment of women farmers and also roles of them in reduction of poverty in Imbulpe Divisional Secretariat (DS) Division in Sri Lanka. In this study, 238 women farmers were selected using simple random sampling method, from purposively identified seven Grama Niladhari (GN) divisions in this area. Primary data was gathered from a field survey using a pre-tested, self-administered questionnaire from May to July 2019. Descriptive statistics and chi-square analysis were used as the statistical methods in data analyzing process. The result revealed that, age, education, monthly income of the respondents, economic resource accessibility, participation in decision making and freedom of mobility act as the determinants of empowerment of women farmers. The moderately significant positive nature of relationship was showed between the age of the women farmers and their role in poverty reduction. And also, the level of education, monthly income, economic resources accessibility of the respondents and participation of decision making within the household of the women farmers were showed moderately significant positive relationship with their role in poverty reduction. Therefore, encourage women farmers as rural entrepreneurs while performing their farming practices to earn additional income, enhance economic resource accessibility and motivate women farmers to express their ideas for enhance the active participation in the household decision making process are timely important requirements to empower women farmers and enhance their role in poverty reduction.
Abstract	Women empowerment and poverty reduction are interrelated key driving forces to achieve the sustainable development of a country. However, most of the women farmers in rural areas have lack of access to adequate assets and resources, credit facilities and freedom of decision making within the households. Therefore, women empowerment is a timely important requirement to reduce the household poverty among them. This study was conducted to identify the determinants of empowerment of women farmers and also roles of them in reduction of poverty in Imbulpe Divisional Secretariat (DS) Division in Sri Lanka. In this study, 238 women farmers were selected using simple random sampling method, from purposively identified seven Grama Niladhari (GN) divisions in this area. Primary data was gathered from a field survey using a pre-tested, self-administered questionnaire from May to July 2019. Descriptive statistics and chi-square analysis were used as the statistical methods in data analyzing process. The result revealed that, age, education, monthly income of the respondents, economic resource accessibility, participation in decision making and freedom of mobility act as the determinants of empowerment of women farmers. The moderately significant positive nature of relationship was showed between the age of the women farmers and their role in poverty reduction. And also, the level of education, monthly income, economic resources accessibility of the respondents and participation of decision making within the household of the women farmers were showed moderately significant positive relationship with their role in poverty reduction. Therefore, encourage women farmers as rural entrepreneurs while performing their farming practices to earn additional income, enhance economic resource accessibility and motivate women farmers to express their ideas for enhance the active participation in the household decision making process are timely important requirements to empower women farmers and enhance their role in poverty reduction.
Cytowanie	Malkanthi S., Rathnachandra S. (2021) Determinants of Women’s Empowerment and Household Poverty Reduction in Imbulpe DS Division, Sri Lanka.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 21(36), z. 4: 76-90
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2021_T21(36)_n4_s76.pdf

Autor	Linda Groma, Lasma Licite-Kurbe
Tytuł	IMPORTANCE OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN PRESERVING NATURAL CAPITAL IN LATVIA
Title
Słowa kluczowe	social entrepreneurship, sustainable entrepreneurship, environment
Key words
Abstrakt	With the increasing focus being placed on climate problems, the role of social entrepreneurship in the protection of nature and the environment becomes increasingly important in the world. The activities specified in the Sustainable Development Strategy of Latvia about the preservation of natural capital are performed by several social enterprises. The research aims to identify the role of social enterprises in performing the activities specified in the Sustainable Development Strategy of Latvia. The research has found that the Latvia 2030 strategy emphasizes the importance of fostering entrepreneurship about the preservation of natural capital as well as promoting sustainable lifestyle activities. The mentioned activities are relevant to social enterprises that are engaged in preserving and protecting the environment, as social entrepreneurs not only contribute to green entrepreneurship but also make significant investments in education and informing the public, as well as in the development of innovative entrepreneurship
Abstract
Cytowanie	Groma L., Licite-Kurbe L.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2021_n5_s44.pdf

Autor	Tetiana Balanovska, Olga Gogulya, Oleg Kucher
Tytuł	The role of activation of entrepreneurship activitiesin the development of rural areas in Ukraine
Title
Słowa kluczowe	entrepreneurship, rural areas, revitalization, diversification, diversification strategy,types of employment, self-employment, agricultural sector
Key words
Abstrakt	The article substantiates the role of entrepreneurship in the revival of rural areas ofUkraine. The main problems and obstacles for the development of modern agricultural businessare presented. The attention is paid to the high share of households in the total productionof agricultural products, as well as the crisis situation regarding the employment situationof the rural population. Possibilities of employment for the inhabitants of rural territories byactivating the initiative of unemployed citizens to organize their own business activity are considered.The peculiarities and motives of the implementation of the diversification strategy foreconomic entities, including agricultural producers, are revealed. The existing and perspectivedirections of diversification in some regions in Ukraine are analyzed. The main directions offormation of organizational and economic mechanism of diversification of entrepreneurial activityat the expense of activation of new forms of employment of population are summarized,which will contribute to the complex socio-economic and ecological development of rural territoriesin Ukraine.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Balanovska T., Gogulya O., Kucher O.
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Pełny tekst	TIRR_2020_n14_s7.pdf

Autor	Małgorzata Błażejowska
Tytuł	Social entrepreneurship in rural areas as illustrated by social cooperatives in Poland’s Masovian Voivodeship
Title	Funkcjonowanie przedsiębiorczości społecznej na obszarach wiejskich na przykładzie spółdzielni socjalnych województwa mazowieckiego
Słowa kluczowe	social cooperatives, rural areas, Masovian Voivodeship
Key words	spółdzielnie socjalne, obszary wiejskie, woj. Mazowieckie
Abstrakt	This paper aims to present the social cooperative movement in Poland’s rural areas as illustrated by social cooperatives operating in rural communes of the Masovian Voivodeship. Of the 32 units operating at least since 2014, only 10 have remained on the market. Based on the National Court Register data, the study examined activity profiles, employment levels, activity periods, founding entities and financial situations by using the method of indicators of dynamics and return on sales (ROS). Cooperatives were selected with regard to the legal nature of their founders in order to indicate any differences. The cooperatives established by legal persons had a stable financial situation in the case of 80% of the analysed entities. All of them recorded an increase in revenues in comparison to the year before and 80% of them reported a profit and a positive ROS. 80% of the entities established by natural persons generated a loss from conducted activities and a negative ROS in the last three years of conducted activities. The research results showed that the greatest chances for development were found in cooperatives that were established by legal persons and which rendered services of general interest.
Abstract	Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie przedsiębiorczości społecznej na obszarach wiejskich na przykładzie spółdzielni socjalnych mających siedzibę w gminach wiejskich woj. mazowieckiego. Ustalono, że spośród 32 jednostek funkcjonujących co najmniej od 2014 roku, na rynku utrzymało się tylko 10. Na podstawie danych z KRS zbadano profil działalności, poziom zatrudnienia, okres prowadzenia działalności, podmioty założycielskie oraz sytuację finansową przy wykorzystaniu metody indeksów dynamiki oraz wskaźnika rentowności sprzedaży (ROS). Wyodrębniono spółdzielnie pod względem podmiotowości prawnej założycieli, celem wskazania różnic. Wśród podmiotów założonych przez osoby prawne występuje stabilna sytuacja finansowa dla 80% analizowanych jednostek. We wszystkich z nich nastąpił wzrost przychodów w porównaniu do roku ubiegłego a 80% z nich odnotowała zysk oraz dodatni ROS. Spośród spółdzielni założonych przez osoby fizyczne 80% wykazało stratę z prowadzonej działalności oraz ujemny ROS w trzech ostatnich latach prowadzonej działalności. Wyniki badań wykazały, że największe szanse na rozwój mają spółdzielnie socjalne założone przez osoby prawne i świadczące usługi użyteczności publicznej.
Cytowanie	Błażejowska M. (2020) Social entrepreneurship in rural areas as illustrated by social cooperatives in Poland’s Masovian Voivodeship .Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW, Polityki Europejskie, Finanse i Marketing [t.], nr 24(73): 20-30
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Pełny tekst	PEFIM_2020_n73_s20.pdf

Autor	Yuriy Hubeni, Volodymyr Krupa, Oksana Krupa, Sofiia Tsiolkovska
Tytuł	The Foreign Economic Vector of Agribusiness Activity in the Western Region of Ukraine
Title	The Foreign Economic Vector of Agribusiness Activity in the Western Region of Ukraine
Słowa kluczowe	foreign economic activity, agribusiness, international trade, export and import of agricultural products, Western region of Ukraine
Key words	foreign economic activity, agribusiness, international trade, export and import of agricultural products, Western region of Ukraine
Abstrakt	The article is devoted to researching peculiarities and trends of foreign economic activity of agribusinesses in the Western region of Ukraine according to the terms of the Ukraine-European Union Association Agreement. The authors discuss the theoretical essence of agribusiness, as a kind of entrepreneurship, and the nature of foreign economic activity of enterprises. The main conditions of free trade in agricultural products introduced by the terms of the Agreement are determined and their influence on agribusiness export-import operation dynamics in the Western economic region is analyzed. The contribution of certain regions to forming agrarian product export and import volume and structure is considered and the reasons for the considerable advantages of the Lviv region in foreign trade turnover of the Western region are elucidated. It was found that agribusiness cooperation with foreign partners is mainly realized by indirect methods through trade agency organizations or agrarian holding companies. The structure dynamics of production goods for export and import by agribusinesses was studied. Based on the results, some negative tendencies for the Ukrainian economy were noted. They include the preservation of raw exports with a high share of plant origin products and timber, and the predominance of ready-made products with high added value in the import structure. It was established that the Agreement and social political events in Ukraine changed the direction of some export-import flows of agribusiness from CIS countries towards the markets of the European Union and Asian countries. According to the scale of external trade operations with enterprises of the Western region of Ukraine, in general, and within certain trade groups, in particular, country-leaders are defined. Some positive and negative consequences of changes in the foreign economic activity vector are described. And finally, measures which will ensure an expansion and strengthening of Ukraine’s agribusiness presence on international market, are suggested.
Abstract	The article is devoted to researching peculiarities and trends of foreign economic activity of agribusinesses in the Western region of Ukraine according to the terms of the Ukraine-European Union Association Agreement. The authors discuss the theoretical essence of agribusiness, as a kind of entrepreneurship, and the nature of foreign economic activity of enterprises. The main conditions of free trade in agricultural products introduced by the terms of the Agreement are determined and their influence on agribusiness export-import operation dynamics in the Western economic region is analyzed. The contribution of certain regions to forming agrarian product export and import volume and structure is considered and the reasons for the considerable advantages of the Lviv region in foreign trade turnover of the Western region are elucidated. It was found that agribusiness cooperation with foreign partners is mainly realized by indirect methods through trade agency organizations or agrarian holding companies. The structure dynamics of production goods for export and import by agribusinesses was studied. Based on the results, some negative tendencies for the Ukrainian economy were noted. They include the preservation of raw exports with a high share of plant origin products and timber, and the predominance of ready-made products with high added value in the import structure. It was established that the Agreement and social political events in Ukraine changed the direction of some export-import flows of agribusiness from CIS countries towards the markets of the European Union and Asian countries. According to the scale of external trade operations with enterprises of the Western region of Ukraine, in general, and within certain trade groups, in particular, country-leaders are defined. Some positive and negative consequences of changes in the foreign economic activity vector are described. And finally, measures which will ensure an expansion and strengthening of Ukraine’s agribusiness presence on international market, are suggested.
Cytowanie	Hubeni Y., Krupa V., Krupa O., Tsiolkovska S. (2020) The Foreign Economic Vector of Agribusiness Activity in the Western Region of Ukraine.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 20(35), z. 4: 29-46
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2020_T20(35)_n4_s29.pdf

Autor	Tetiana Balanovska, Olga Gogulya, Volodymyr Kharchenko, Hanna Kharchenko
Tytuł	COGNITIVE MODELLING OF AN EFFECTIVE SYSTEM OF INFORMATION SUPPORT OF AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISES
Title
Słowa kluczowe	information support, cognitive approach, modelling, forecasting, poorly structured system, cognitive modelling of efficiency of functioning of the information system of agricultural entrepreneurship
Key words
Abstrakt	This article encompasses the methodology of cognitive modelling of complex poorly structured systems. Based on the expert method and with the help of this modelling methodology, the main factors that influence the effectiveness of information support of agricultural entrepreneurship were identified and the direction of their action was determined. There has been developed a cognitive map that reflects the cumulative impact of various factors on each other, as well as on the effectiveness of the information system for agricultural entrepreneurship. Hidden patterns between factors influencing the effectiveness of information support of agricultural entrepreneurship are revealed based on the cognitive map. The scenario approach is simulated based on different trends that reflect the current situation. This model allows us to further evaluate the performance of the system of information support of agricultural entrepreneurship under the influence of the environment, to predict its development, as well as to develop optimal strategic decisions that are aimed at ensuring sustainable development.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Balanovska T., Gogulya O., Kharchenko V., Kharchenko H.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2020_n4_s55.pdf

Autor	Aurelia Bielawska, Michał Piechocki
Tytuł	Regulacje prawne dotyczące ustalania cen transferowych i ich oddziaływanie na przebieg transakcji handlowych przedsiębiorców
Title	LEGAL REGULATIONS REGARDING THE DETERMINATION OF TRANSFER PRICES AND THEIR IMPACT ON THE COURSE OF COMMERCIAL TRANSACTIONS OF ENTREPRENEURS
Słowa kluczowe	ceny transferowe, podatki, obowiązki przedsiębiorców, dokumentowanie przebiegu transakcji
Key words	transfer prices, taxes, obligations of entrepreneurs, documenting the course of the transaction
Abstrakt	Celem niniejszej publikacji jest przedstawienie i porównanie wybranych aspektów regulacji podatkowych obowiązujących w krajach Unii Europejskiej w zakresie ustalania cen transferowych, stosowanych w transakcjach o niskiej wartości dodanej zawieranych pomiędzy podmiotami powiązanymi, w rozliczeniach wewnątrzgrupowych i innych aspektach związanych z międzynarodowym prawem z zasadami obowiązującymi w prawie rosyjskim. Zasadnicza teza opracowania zawiera się w stwierdzeniu, że regulacje podatkowe dotyczące dokumentowania zasad sporządzania cen transferowych obowiązujące w poszczególnych krajach Unii Europejskiej, pomimo przyjęcia wspólnych założeń, znacznie różnią się między sobą, co uniemożliwia jednolite podejście przedsiębiorców do ich ustalania. Przygotowując opracowanie dokonano analizę literatury przedmiotu z zakresu finansów, rachunkowości i prawa, analizę i ocenę obowiązujących oraz projektowanych aktów prawnych, a - formułując wnioski z badań - skonfrontowano wyniki analizy z doświadczeniami własnymi autorów.
Abstract	The purpose of this publication is to present European and Russian tax regulations regarding transfer pricing, transactions between related parties, intra-group settlements, low-value transactions and other aspects related to international tax law. The basic thesis is contained in the statement that the tax regulations in the world, despite the commonly accepted assumptions, differ significantly from each other, which makes it impossible for a uniform approach of entrepreneurs to the issue of transfer prices. The study was created using a critical analysis of the literature on the subject, applicable legal acts and draft legal acts, as well as the author's own experience using deductive and inductive reasoning.
Cytowanie	Bielawska A., Piechocki M. (2019) Regulacje prawne dotyczące ustalania cen transferowych i ich oddziaływanie na przebieg transakcji handlowych przedsiębiorców.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW, Polityki Europejskie, Finanse i Marketing [t.], nr 21(70): 22-32
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Pełny tekst	PEFIM_2019_n70_s22.pdf

Autor	Rafał Rosiński
Tytuł	Obciążenia fiskalne pracy mikroprzedsiębiorstw w Polsce
Title	Fiscal burden on labor of micro-enterprises in Poland
Słowa kluczowe	koszty pracy, obciążenia fiskalne, mikroprzedsiębiorstwo.
Key words	labor costs, fiscal burden, micro-enterprise.
Abstrakt	Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie i analiza obciążeń fiskalnych pracy mikroprzedsiębiorstw w Polsce z wyodrębnieniem obciążeń osoby fizycznej prowadzącej działalność gospodarczą w ramach tzw. samozatrudnienia oraz obciążeń odprowadzanych przez przedsiębiorcę za pracowników. W artykule zostały zaprezentowane ponadto uwarunkowania fiskalne prowadzenia działalności gospodarczej na podstawie danych pochodzących z raportu Doing Business 2018 opracowanego przez Bank Światowy (World Bank Group). Zasadniczą kwestię w zakresie obciążeń fiskalnych pracy odgrywają obciążenia parapodatkowe pracy, wyrażające się w obowiązkowych składkach na ubezpieczenia społeczne i ubezpieczenie zdrowotne, co stanowi dla mikroprzedsiębiorstw jedną z większych barier w prowadzeniu i rozwoju działalności gospodarczej. W ostatnich latach Polska uzyskała znaczącą poprawę w kryterium dotyczącym czasu poświęconego rozliczeniom podatkowym.
Abstract	The purpose of the article is to present and analyze the fiscal burdens on labor of micro-enterprises in Poland with the separation of the burdens of a natural person running a business under the so-called self-employment and burdens paid by the entrepreneur for employees. The article presents also the fiscal conditions of conducting business activity based on data from the Doing Business 2018 report prepared by the World Bank Group. The basic issue of the scope of fiscal burdens on labor is quasi-tax burden, expressed in compulsory social security and health insurance contributions, which is one of the major barriers to microenterprises in the conduct and development of business. In recent years, Poland has achieved a significant improvement in terms of time devoted to tax settlements.
Cytowanie	Rosiński R. (2019) Obciążenia fiskalne pracy mikroprzedsiębiorstw w Polsce.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW, Polityki Europejskie, Finanse i Marketing [t.], nr 21(70): 202-210
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Pełny tekst	PEFIM_2019_n70_s202.pdf

Autor	Nadiia Davydenko, Yuliia Nehoda, Iryna Tytarchuk, Natalia Wasilewska
Tytuł	Mechanizm zapewnienia zrównoważonego finansowania przedsiębiorstw rolnych
Title	MECHANISM OF ENSURING FINANCIAL SUSTAINABILITY OF AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISES
Słowa kluczowe	stabilność finansowa, przedsiębiorstwa rolnicze, bezpieczeństwo finansowe, sektor rolno-przemysłowy, stabilny rozwój przedsiębiorstw, rentowność
Key words	financial sustainability, agricultural enterprises, financial security, agricultural-industrial sector, stable development of enterprises, profitability
Abstrakt	Celem badań jest wskazanie teoretycznych i metodycznych podejść do określania stabilności finansowej przedsiębiorstw rolnych. Przeanalizowano światowe i krajowe doświadczenia w określaniu stabilności finansowej podmiotów prowadzących działalność rolniczo-przemysłową, a także czynniki wpływające na kształtowanie stabilności finansowej na poziomie regionalnym oraz w grupach przedsiębiorstw rolnych. Istnieje specyfika mechanizmu stabilności finansowej przedsiębiorstw rolnych. Głównym celem mechanizmu zapewniającego stabilność finansową jest osiągnięcie bezpieczeństwa finansowego, stabilności funkcjonowania i rozwoju. Metoda oferuje wykorzystanie kompleksu wskaźników, które są ściśle powiązane i określają status ekonomiczny oraz zdolność finansową do kontynuowania działalności przedsiębiorstwa i badania stabilności finansowej przedsiębiorstwa.
Abstract	The aim of the research is summing up and improving theoretical and methodical approaches to determination of financial sustainability of agricultural enterprises. World and national experience of financial sustainability determination of entrepreneurial activities subjects were analyzed and summarized as well as system impact factors on formation of financial sustainability on the regional level and the group of agricultural enterprises level were examined. There are considerable formation specifics of the financial sustainability mechanism of agricultural enterprises. It means that main target of mechanism to ensure financial sustainability is to achieve financial security, their work stability and development today and in future. The method offers using complex of indicators that are closely connected with each other and define economic status and financial ability to continue enterprise activities and examine financial sustainability of an enterprise. The implementation of this approach to determine financial sustainability will increase the information background for further analyzation of financial opportunities.
Cytowanie	Davydenko N., Nehoda Y., Tytarchuk I., Wasilewska N. (2019) Mechanizm zapewnienia zrównoważonego finansowania przedsiębiorstw rolnych.Roczniki Naukowe Ekonomii Rolnictwa i Rozwoju Obszarów Wiejskich, t. 106, z. 1: 7-21
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Pełny tekst	RNR_2019_n1_s7.pdf

Autor	Barbara Kiełbasa, Daniela Popa, Aliona Sargo, Mariusz Trojak
Tytuł	New Approaches to Developing the Integral Indicator Methodology for Estimating the Financial Efficiency of Agricultural Entities in Poland, the Republic of Moldova, and EU Countries
Title	New Approaches to Developing the Integral Indicator Methodology for Estimating the Financial Efficiency of Agricultural Entities in Poland, the Republic of Moldova, and EU Countries
Słowa kluczowe	agro-sector, European Union, correlation and regression, financial efficiency, food product, financial economy, productivity & profitability, resource efficiency
Key words	agro-sector, European Union, correlation and regression, financial efficiency, food product, financial economy, productivity & profitability, resource efficiency
Abstrakt	Economic literature pays a great deal of attention to economic and financial efficiency, expressed in terms of competition, concentration, productivity and profitability. This paper provides an all-embracing framework for the various existing theories in this area and illustrates these theories with practical applications. Currently, changing the size of the production potential in agricultural units in the Republic of Moldova depends to a great extent on the influence of different trends in the modification of production resources: the reduction of labor resources and agricultural land, quantitative and qualitative changes in fixed assets, and in current assets, etc.The notion of resource potential means the totality of the volume of all resources (natural, labor, material, intellectual, information, etc.) on specific enterprises, territories, branches, regions. Evaluating a broad field of research, the paper describes profit maximizing food products and demonstrates how several widely-used products can be fit into this framework. The authors also present an overview of the current major trends in the food sector and relate them to the assumptions for food products, thereby displaying their relevance and timeliness. The results include a set of recommendations for future research on this topic.The design, methodology and approach of this research is to explain why efficiency can help obtain a profit surplus, and to measure this efficiency. For quality of methodology we apply a range of statistical methods, as well as the strategic capability of organisations – made up of resources and competences. One way to approach the stategic capability of an organisation is to consider its strengths and weaknesses (for example, where it has a competitive advantage, profit, efficiency or disadvantage). Based on our research and results, we sought to understand the concepts of financial effciency and to apply these concepts to practical situations. At the start of each analysis entrepreneurship plays an important role. Most organisations have to innovate constantly to obtain profit and efficiency for food products. They need to be first into a market, or simply a follower of customers in developing new products and services. Original studies in Moldova and Poland regarding farm concentration in terms of Gini Coefficient, Gini Index and Concentration Index of the utilized agricultural area. Original calculus formula to determine the Concentration Index of the UAA for the top 10% largest farms in Moldova and UK.
Abstract	Economic literature pays a great deal of attention to economic and financial efficiency, expressed in terms of competition, concentration, productivity and profitability. This paper provides an all-embracing framework for the various existing theories in this area and illustrates these theories with practical applications. Currently, changing the size of the production potential in agricultural units in the Republic of Moldova depends to a great extent on the influence of different trends in the modification of production resources: the reduction of labor resources and agricultural land, quantitative and qualitative changes in fixed assets, and in current assets, etc.The notion of resource potential means the totality of the volume of all resources (natural, labor, material, intellectual, information, etc.) on specific enterprises, territories, branches, regions. Evaluating a broad field of research, the paper describes profit maximizing food products and demonstrates how several widely-used products can be fit into this framework. The authors also present an overview of the current major trends in the food sector and relate them to the assumptions for food products, thereby displaying their relevance and timeliness. The results include a set of recommendations for future research on this topic.The design, methodology and approach of this research is to explain why efficiency can help obtain a profit surplus, and to measure this efficiency. For quality of methodology we apply a range of statistical methods, as well as the strategic capability of organisations – made up of resources and competences. One way to approach the stategic capability of an organisation is to consider its strengths and weaknesses (for example, where it has a competitive advantage, profit, efficiency or disadvantage). Based on our research and results, we sought to understand the concepts of financial effciency and to apply these concepts to practical situations. At the start of each analysis entrepreneurship plays an important role. Most organisations have to innovate constantly to obtain profit and efficiency for food products. They need to be first into a market, or simply a follower of customers in developing new products and services. Original studies in Moldova and Poland regarding farm concentration in terms of Gini Coefficient, Gini Index and Concentration Index of the utilized agricultural area. Original calculus formula to determine the Concentration Index of the UAA for the top 10% largest farms in Moldova and UK.
Cytowanie	Kiełbasa B., Popa D., Sargo A., Trojak M. (2019) New Approaches to Developing the Integral Indicator Methodology for Estimating the Financial Efficiency of Agricultural Entities in Poland, the Republic of Moldova, and EU Countries.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 19(34), z. 4: 103-112
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2019_T19(34)_n4_s103.pdf

Autor	Karol Sołek, Bogusław Ślusarczyk
Tytuł	THE DEVELOPMENT OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RURAL AREAS IN PODKARPACKIE PROVINCE
Title
Słowa kluczowe	entrepreneurship, rural areas, enterprise, Podkarapckie province, development
Key words
Abstrakt	The study is devoted to the diagnosis of entrepreneurship development in rural areas.The aim of the work is to analyze and evaluate the dynamics and directions ofentrepreneurship development in rural areas of the Podkarpackie province as well as toidentify changes and trends as well to present the strengths and weaknesses of rural areas inthe studied area. On the basis of the conducted research, it can be concluded that the numberof business entities in rural areas is systematically growing, and forecasts indicate furtherdevelopment. Assessment of directions and dynamics of entrepreneurship development basedon the number of entities by selected NACE sections in 2009-2017 showed no significantvariation in trends in all counties the trends are similar. The largest growth dynamics relat tocommunication and information services on, the real estate market as well as rental servicesfor buildings, machines or devices, job market mediation, tourist services, detective orsecurity services, maintenance of cleanliness and order, development of green areas, andoffice administration. In turn, industries such as agriculture, forestry, hunting and fishing,wholesale and retail trade, vehicle repairs, financial and insurance activities werecharacterized by a reverse tendency - a systematic decline in the number of business entitiesoccurred. The remaining sections of PKD maintained a stable, unchanging level.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Sołek K., Ślusarczyk B.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2019_n3_s131.pdf

Autor	Monika Wojcieszak-Zbierska, Jan Zawadka
Tytuł	Działania przedsiębiorcze kobiet na wsi na przykładzie KGW w powieciegnieźnieńskim
Title	Entrepreneurial activities of women in the countryside on the example of the FWA in the Gniezno poviat
Słowa kluczowe	koła gospodyń wiejskich, kobiety na wsi, Program Rozwoju Obszarów Wiejskich 2014–2020, przedsiębiorczość, obszary wiejskie
Key words	farmers’ wives’ association, women in the countryside, Rural Development Program 2014–2020, entrepreneurship, rural areas
Abstrakt	Celem opracowania jest przybliżenie genezy, istoty oraz celów funkcjonowania kół gospodyń wiejskich, zaprezentowanie ich aktywności w zakresie pozyskiwania środków z funduszy UE, a także rozpoznanie i ukazanie celów inwestycji przez nie prowadzonych. Opracowanie wzbogacono studium przypadku Koła Gospodyń Wiejskich (KGW) w Modliszewku. W pracy wykorzystano pierwotne oraz wtórne źródła materiału badawczego. Źródła wtórne to literatura naukowa z zakresu rozwoju lokalnego, przedsiębiorczości, w tym inicjatyw podejmowanych przez kobiety na obszarach wiejskich, rozporządzenia oraz dane Agencji Restrukturyzacji i Modernizacji Rolnictwa dotyczące dofinansowania KGW środkami z Programu Rozwoju Obszarów Wiejskich (PROW) 2014–2020. Źródła pierwotne natomiast to wyniki badań przeprowadzonych w kwietniu 2019 roku dotyczących wykorzystywania pozyskanych przez KGW środków finansowych. Na podstawie wyników przeprowadzonych badań można stwierdzić, że pozyskane przez KGW fundusze pozwoliły na realizacje wielu działań, które przyczyniły się do rozwoju obszarów wiejskich. Członkinie badanych kół wykazywały się przedsiębiorczością i budowały dobry wizerunek swojego regionu. Otrzymane fundusze w głównej mierze przeznaczały na unowocześnienie posiadanego wyposażenia, a także promocję koła, regionu oraz lokalnej kuchni.
Abstract	The aim of the study was to present the genesis, essence and objectives of the functioning of farmers’ wives’ association (FWA), to present their activity in the area of obtaining funds from EU funds, as well as to identify and show the objectives of investments carried out by them. The study was enriched by a case study of the Farmers’ Wives’ Association in Modliszewko. Primary and secondary sources of research material were used in the work. Secondary sources are scientific literature in the field of local development, entrepreneurship, including initiatives undertaken by women in rural areas, regulations and data of the Agency for Restructuring and Modernization of Agriculture regarding co-financing of FWA with funds from Rural Development Program (RDP) 2014–2020. Primary sources are the results of research carried out in April 2019 regarding the use of funds obtained by FWA. Based on the results of the conducted research, it can be stated that the funds obtained by FWA enabled the implementation of many activities that contributed to the development of rural areas. Members of the surveyed organizations showed entrepreneurship and built a good image of their region. The funds received were mainly dedicated to the modernization of equipment, as well as the promotion of the organization, region and local cuisine.
Cytowanie	Wojcieszak-Zbierska M., Zawadka J.
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Pełny tekst	TIRR_2019_n11_s127.pdf

Autor	Tetiana Chernychko, Natalia Liba, Vitalii Rybchak
Tytuł	Professional competence of future economists in the region
Title
Słowa kluczowe	competence, competency approach, professional competence, economist, educational process
Key words
Abstrakt	The formation of professional competences of modern economists requires from the educational institution, from the teachers fundamentally new approaches in professional education: the integration of pedagogical, economic and entrepreneurial knowledge, skills and abilities. The aim of the study is to analyze modern approaches to the formulation of the concept of »competence«, to find out the components of professional competence for the preparation of future economists. General scientific methods of research have been applied: induction and deduction, refinement and classification. The modern approaches to the formulation of the concept of »competence« have been analyzed in the article. Historical and terminological analysis of its essence made it possible to find out the components, the structure of professional competence. Special attention has been paid to the content of key and substantive competence. The formation of professional competence of economists must be carried out taking into account the modern requirements in the field of education, educational programs of the specialty. Thus, a highly skilled economist one can become due to a high motivational indicator, confidence in the correct selection of the future kind of activity, the desire to acquire as much information professional material and its transformation into knowledge, which will lead to professionalism in the process of the vocational practice. In the subsequent research, we will substantiate the process of forming the competitiveness of future economists.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Chernychko T., Liba N., Rybchak V.
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Pełny tekst	TIRR_2019_n12_s59.pdf

Autor	Monika Wojcieszak-Zbierska
Tytuł	Koszty działań marketingowych gospodarstw agroturystycznych i możliwości ich finansowania
Title	The costs of marketing activities of agritourism farms and the possibilities of financing them
Słowa kluczowe	marketing, agroturystyka, Wielkopolska, promocja, przedsiębiorczość
Key words	agritourism, marketing, Wielkopolska region, costs, financing possibilities
Abstrakt	Jednym z cenionych i znanych agroturystycznych regionów Polski jest województwo wielkopolskie. Warunki przyrodnicze, bogata tradycja i kultura oraz obyczaje ludowe funkcjonujące na tym terenie powodują, że świadczenie usług agroturystycznych jest popularne wśród właścicieli gospodarstw. Chcąc być konkurencyjnym na rynku, usługodawcy korzystają z nowoczesnych technologii w zakresie promowania swojej oferty. Stosowanie działań marketingowych przy prowadzeniu gospodarstw agroturystycznych to bardzo ważny temat, gdyż świadczy on po pierwsze o przedsiębiorczości właścicieli, a po drugie stanowi doskonałą promocję gospodarstwa czy regionu. Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie możliwości finansowania działań marketingowych oraz kosztów poniesionych przez właścicieli gospodarstw agroturystycznych z tytułu wykorzystywanych narzędzi marketingowych. Na podstawie przeprowadzonego badania można stwierdzić, że gospodarstwa korzystają z narzędzi marketingowych, jednakże właściciele deklarują, że przeznaczają niewielką kwotę na tego typu działanie.
Abstract	Agritourism is one of the most popular forms of rural tourism. The Wielkopolskie region is a valued and well known agritourism region of Poland. Natural conditions, rich tradition and culture as well as folk customs functioning in this area make the provision of agritourism services popular among farm owners. In order to be competitive on the market, hosts use modern technologies to promote their products and services. The application of marketing activities while running agritourism farms is a very important subject, as it proves, first of all, the entrepreneurship of the owners and, secondly, it is an excellent promotion of the farm or the region. The aim of this article is to indicate the possibility of financing marketing activities and costs incurred by the owners of agritourism farms due to the marketing tools used. The article attempts to present the financing of marketing activities in agritourism and the costs incurred by the owner of the used marketing tools in Poland. The research was carried out among agritourism farms located in the Wielkopolskie region. On the basis of the conducted research it can be stated that the farms use marketing tools, however, the owners declare that they allocate a small amount of money to this type of activity.
Cytowanie	Wojcieszak-Zbierska M.
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Pełny tekst	TIRR_2019_n12_s129.pdf

Autor	Dawid Bródka, Andrzej Jędruchniewicz
Tytuł	Model obiegu okrężnego z punktu widzenia teorii kapitału szkoły austriackiej
Title	Circular flow model from the point of view of the capital theory of Austrian School
Słowa kluczowe	szkoła austriacka, teoria kapitału, model obiegu okrężnego, model struktury produkcji
Key words	Austrian School, theory of capital, circular fl ow model, structure of production model
Abstrakt	Celem artykułu była ocena modelu obiegu okrężnego z punktu widzenia teorii austriackiej szkoły ekonomii. W artykule omówiono teorię kapitału i model struktury produkcji tej szkoły. Omawiane zagadnienia odniesiono do modelu obiegu okrężnego, który dominuje w głównym nurcie ekonomii. Model ten jest krytykowany przez szkołę austriacką z powodu zbyt dużych uproszczeń. Główne zarzuty dotyczą pominięcia: twórczej natury działania ludzkiego, problemów niedoskonałej wiedzy i przedsiębiorczości, która związana jest z ryzykiem, roli czasu w działaniu i procesie produkcji, wertykalnego charakteru produkcji w gospodarce, powiązania oszczędności i inwestycji. Szkoła austriacka wskazuje również na zbyt daleko posuniętą w modelu obiegu okrężnego agregację kategorii ekonomicznych.
Abstract	The aim of the article was to assess the circular flow model from the point of view of the theory of the Austrian School. The article discusses the theory of capital and the production structure model of this school. The issues discussed were related to the circular flow model that dominates the mainstream of economics. This model is criticized by the Austrian School because of too much simplification. The main allegations relate to the omission of: the creative nature of human action, the problems of imperfect knowledge and entrepreneurship that is associated with risk, the role of time in action and the production process, the vertical nature of production in the economy, linking savings and investments. The Austrian School also points to the aggregation of economic categories going too far in the circular flow model.
Cytowanie	Bródka D., Jędruchniewicz A. (2019) Model obiegu okrężnego z punktu widzenia teorii kapitału szkoły austriackiej.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, nr 126: 17-28
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Pełny tekst	EIOGZ_2019_n126_s17.pdf

Autor	Justyna Franc - Dąbrowska, Małgorzata Porada - Rochoń, Beata Świecka
Tytuł	Niewypłacalność przedsiębiorstw i gospodarstw domowych - Analiza porównawcza
Title	INSOLVENCY OF ENTERPRISES AND HOUSEHOLDS - COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
Słowa kluczowe	niewypłacalność, gospodarstwa domowe, przedsiębiorstwa
Key words	insolvency households, enterprises
Abstrakt	Celem badań było zebranie badań dotyczących niewypłacalności przedsiębiorstw i gospodarstw domowych na podstawie literatury krajowej i międzynarodowej. Stwierdzono, że gospodarstwa domowe i przedsiębiorstwa łączy podatność na zjawisko niewypłacalności. Mimo, że różnią się od siebie w sensie podmiotowości, to jednak funkcjonują w tym samym otoczeniu. Gospodarstwa domowe, są bardzo zróżnicowane, rozdrobnione i jest ich znacznie więcej niż przedsiębiorstw. W obu wypadkach niewypłacalność jest determinowana wieloma zmiennymi, a nie jest tylko funkcją dochodu. Ponadto niewypłacalność jest zjawiskiem stopniowalnym, nie pojawia się od razu i nagle, dlatego też, rozwój badań i dopracowanie metodyki pozwala na predykcję tego zjawiska i rozpoznanie czynników sygnalizujących o pojawiającym się niebezpieczeństwie. Wśród determinant niewypłacalności wspólnych dla przedsiębiorstw i gospodarstw domowych należy zaliczyć problem z terminowym regulowaniem zobowiązań. Jest to skutek innych problemów finansowych tych podmiotów, a szczególnie poziomu i struktury zadłużenia, które nie zawsze jest dopasowane do możliwości płatniczych przedsiębiorcy, czy przeciętnego człowieka. Problem nadmiernego zadłużenia i złej jego struktury współcześnie wydaje się problemem ogólnoświatowym, dotyczącym w szczególności państw wysoko rozwiniętych, cechujących się wysokim poziomem dobrobytu mieszkańców i przedsiębiorców.
Abstract	The aim of the research was to collect research on insolvency of enterprises and households based on national and international literature. It was found that households and enterprises combine vulnerability to the phenomenon of insolvency. Although they differ from each other in the sense of subjectivity, they function in the same environment. Households are very diverse, fragmented and there are many more than enterprises. In both cases, insolvency is determined by many variables, and is not just a function of income. In addition, insolvency is a gradual phenomenon, does not appear immediately and suddenly, therefore, the development of research and refinement of the methodology allows the prediction of this phenomenon and identification of signaling factors about the emerging danger. Among the insolvency determinants common for enterprises and households, the problem of timely payment of liabilities should be included. This is the result of other financial problems of these entities, especially the level and structure of debt, which is not always matched to the payment options of the entrepreneur or the average person. The problem of over-indebtedness and its poor structure currently seems to be a global problem, in particular for highly developed countries characterized by a high level of welfare of residents and entrepreneurs.
Cytowanie	Franc - Dąbrowska J., Porada - Rochoń M., Świecka B. (2018) Niewypłacalność przedsiębiorstw i gospodarstw domowych - Analiza porównawcza.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW, Polityki Europejskie, Finanse i Marketing [t.], nr 19(68): 19-31
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Pełny tekst	PEFIM_2018_n68_s19.pdf

Autor	Irena Ozimek
Tytuł	Ochrona konsumentów na wybranych rynkach usług w świetle regulacji prawnych i możliwości pozasądowego rozwiązywania sporów konsumenckich
Title	Consumer protection in selected service markets in the light of legal regulations and the possibility of out-of-court resolution of consumer disputes
Słowa kluczowe	ochrona konsumentów, rynek usług, regulacje prawne, dochodzenie roszczeń przez konsumentów, spory konsumenckie, pozasądowe rozwiązywanie sporów konsumenckich
Key words	consumer protection, services market, legal regulations, consumer claim pursuing, out-of-court resolution of consumers’ disputes.
Abstrakt	Celem niniejszego artykułu jest przedstawienie regulacji prawnych, w których ujęto problematykę ochrony konsumentów na rynku wybranych usług oraz sposoby dochodzenia roszczeń przez konsumentów w przypadku naruszenia ich praw. W ramach badań dokonano analizy danych wtórnych, tj. aktów prawnych, sprawozdań wybranych podmiotów sektorowych (publicznych i niepublicznych) w zakresie pozasądowego rozwiązywania sporów między konsumentem a przedsiębiorcą, wynikających z zawartej z konsumentem umowy. Dokonane analizy wskazują, że nie zawsze przestrzegane są prawa konsumentów na rynku usług. Ponadto, pomimo zwiększającego się zainteresowania polubownym sposobem rozwiązywania sporów, nadal istnieje konieczność prowadzenia przez różne instytucje i organizacje działań informacyjno-edukacyjnych w tym zakresie. Przyczyni się to do wzrostu świadomości istnienia możliwości wykorzystania tego sposobu rozwiązywania sporów, zarówno wśród przedsiębiorców, jak i konsumentów.
Abstract	The purpose of this article is to present legal regulations which included the issues of consumer protection on the market of selected services and ways of pursuing claims by consumers in case of rights violation. The research consist of secondary data analysis i.e. legal acts, reports of selected sector entities (public and non-public) in terms of out-of-court dispute resolution between the consumer and the entrepreneur resulting from the contract concluded with the consumer. The results of the data analysis show that consumers’ rights are not always respected on the services market. Moreover, despite the growing interest in the amicable way of disputes resolving, there is still a need to carry out information and education activities in this area provided by various institutions and organizations. This will increase the awareness of existence the possibility of using this method of dispute resolution both among entrepreneurs and consumers.
Cytowanie	Ozimek I. (2018) Ochrona konsumentów na wybranych rynkach usług w świetle regulacji prawnych i możliwości pozasądowego rozwiązywania sporów konsumenckich .Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW, Polityki Europejskie, Finanse i Marketing [t.], nr 19(68): 173-186
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Pełny tekst	PEFIM_2018_n68_s173.pdf

Autor	Julita Szlachciuk
Tytuł	Znajomość praw przysługujących konsumentom dokonującym zakupu żywności przez Internet
Title	The familiarity with consumer’s rights purchase food on the Internet
Słowa kluczowe	Internet, zakup żywności, ochrona konsumentów, znajomość praw
Key words	Internet, grocery shopping, consumer protection, familiarity with the rights
Abstrakt	Celem artykułu jest ocena znajomości praw przysługujących konsumentom dokonującym zakupów żywności przez Internet. Badanie zrealizowano wśród 600 respondentów będących w wieku 25–44 lat, dokonujących zakupu żywności przez Internet. Uzyskane wyniki potwierdzają, że rodzaj informacji udostępnianych przez przedsiębiorców, sposób ich podawania (które są konsekwencją obowiązujących regulacji prawnych) mogą przyczyniać się do postrzegania zakupów w sieci jako dobrej alternatywy tradycyjnych form sprzedaży żywności (sklepy stacjonarne). Jednocześnie warto zwrócić uwagę, że część ankietowanych nie potrafiła jednoznacznie ustosunkować się do praw przysługujących konsumentom podczas zakupu żywności przez Internet, nie zawsze też jest świadoma zasad składania reklamacji, co wskazuje na konieczność dalszego prowadzenia działań edukacyjnych skierowanych do konsumentów w tym zakresie.
Abstract	The aim of the article is an assessment of the familiarity with the rights to which the consumers are entitled when they purchase food on the Internet. The study was carried out among 600 respondents aged 25–44 years who purchase food via the Internet. The results which were obtained confirm that the kind of information that is made available by the entrepreneurs, as well as the manner in which this information is provided (which results from legal regulations), might contribute to the fact that shopping online is perceived as a good alternative for traditional shops where food can be bought. Simultaneously, it is worth noticing that a number of respondents were not able to take an unequivocal stance with regard to purchasing food online. Moreover, they are not always aware of complaint making rules, which indicates that it is necessary to conduct further educational actions targeted at the consumers in this area.
Cytowanie	Szlachciuk J. (2018) Znajomość praw przysługujących konsumentom dokonującym zakupu żywności przez Internet.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, nr 121: 105-114
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Pełny tekst	EIOGZ_2018_n121_s105.pdf

Autor	Maiga Kruzmetra, Baiba Rivza
Tytuł	ECONOMIC ACTIVITY AS ONE OF THE SMART AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT TRENDS IN RURAL TERRITORIES
Title
Słowa kluczowe	rural territories; sustainable development; economic activities
Key words
Abstrakt	Rural territory is an important part of the community’s living space, moreover, it is a living space for sustainable and smart development. With the growing public demand for a healthy living environment and healthy food, the role of rural territory as a living space for community and the necessity to maintain its sustainable development is increasing. However, the sustainability of rural territories as a living space will be preserved only when residents are ready for changes and if national institutions and local governments are promoting trends politically and practically. The aim of the research: to examine economic activity in the rural areas of Latvia with regard to promoting the sustainable and smart development direction during 2009–2016 and to assess the results achieved. An analysis of the information on entrepreneurship expansion used in the research allows making a number of conclusions. Even though Latvia has the lowest competitiveness rating among Poland, Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia, at the same time, it is characterized by the highest growth rates and small distances among these countries. The reduction of these differences was significantly influenced by economic activity expansion, including the knowledge economy segment in Latvia. The growth of the economy in the rural territories surpasses the growth rates in major cities. The rural space has confirmed its suitability for the innovative functioning and growth of the economy.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Kruzmetra M., Rivza B.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n1_s48.pdf

Autor	Tetiana Balanovska, Olga Gogulya, Barbara Wyrzykowska
Tytuł	THE ROLE OF ENTREPRENEUR COMPETENCIES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF RURAL AREAS
Title
Słowa kluczowe	entrepreneurship, competency, entrepreneur, rural areas
Key words
Abstrakt	The article substantiates that entrepreneurship is the basis of the country’s economy, a prerequisite for the revival of rural areas. It represents environmental factors that impede the formation of a competitive business environment in the Ukraine, and, accordingly, the achievement of indicators of efficiency of entrepreneurial activity. The essence of competence of the entrepreneur and its components is also considered. Different points of view of scientists are generalized and a list of competencies, which should be owned and developed by an entrepreneur in the course of his/her activity in order to harmoniously grow as a socially responsible person is also presented in the paper. The expediency of forming entrepreneurial competence in the process of vocational training of young people to life in society, their future activity in new market conditions, as well as the logical sequence of using the skills and abilities of an entrepreneur through the implementation of key competencies is substantiated. The methodical aspects of assessing the level of competence of the entrepreneur are provided. The results of this will allow to develop directions and measures for improving the process of forming the entrepreneurial competence of employees, increasing the quality of the work force, and providing competitive advantages through the use of human resources in the agricultural sector of the economy.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Balanovska T., Gogulya O., Wyrzykowska B.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n1_s55.pdf